TS 2301 
.P5 A4 
1914 
Copy 1 



DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 

SAM. L. ROGERS, Director 



CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES 

1914 



NEEDLES, PINS, AND HOOKS 

AND EYES 

Prepared under the supervision of W. M. STEUART, Chief Statistician for Manufactures 



CONTENTS 



Explanation of terms 

Summary and analysis 

Scope of the industry 

Summary, by states 

Persons engaged in the industry 

Wage earners employed, by months. 

Prevailing hours of labor 

Character of ownership 



Summary and analysis— Continued. 

Size of establishments 

Engines and power 

Fuel ...^... ....... 

Special statistics relating to quantity and value of products. . 
Detail state tables 

Table 13.— Comparative summary for 1914, 1909, and 1904. 

Table 14.— Detail statistics ,by states: 1914 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1917 



' 



^ 



EXPLANATION OF TERMS. 



i> 



Scope of census. — Census statistics of manufactures are compiled 
primarily for the purpose of showing the absolute and relative 
magnitude of the different branches of industry covered and their 
growth or decline. Incidentally, the effort is made to present data 
throwing light upon character of ownership, size of establishments, 
and similar subjects. 'When use is made of the statistics for these 
purposes it is imperative that due attention should be given to their 
limitations, particularly in connection with any attempt to derive 
from them figures purporting to show average wages, cost of produc- 
tion, or profits. 

The census did not cover establishments which were idle during 
the entire year or whose products were valued at less than $500, or 
the manufacturing done in educational, eleemosynary, and penal 
institutions. 

Period covered. — The returns relate to the calendar year 1914, or 
the business year which corresponded most nearly to that calendar 
year, and cover a year's operations, except for establishments which 
began or discontinued business during the year. 

The establishment.— As a rule, the term "establishment" repre- 
sents a single plant or factory, but in some cases it represents two or 
more plants which were operated under a common ownership or 
for which one set of books of account was kept. If, however, the 
plants constituting an establishment as thus defined were not all 
located within the same city or state, separate reports: were secured 
in order that the figures for each plant might be included in the 
statistics for the city or state in which it was located. 

Influence of increased prices. — In comparing figures for cost of 
materials, value of products, and value added by manufacture in 
1914 and 1909 with the corresponding figures for earlier censuses, 
account should be taken of the general increase in the prices of com- 
modities during recent years. To the extent to which this factor 
has been influential the figures fail to afford an exact measure of the 
increase in the volume of business. 

Persons engaged in the industry. — The following general classes 
of persons engaged in the industry distinguished: (1) Proprietors 
and firm members, (2) salaried officers of corporations, (3) superin- 
tendents and managers, (4) clerks (including other subordinate 
salaried employees), and (5) wage earners. In the reports for the 
censuses of 1904 and 1899 these five classes were shown according 
to the three main groups: (1) Proprietors and firm members, (2) 
salaried officials, clerks, etc., and (3) wage earners. In compara- 
tive tables covering the census of 1904 it is of course necessary to 
group the figures according to the classification that was employed 
at the earlier censuses. 

The number of persons engaged in the industry, distributed by 
sex, and, in the case of wage earners, also by age (whether under 
16 or 16 and over), was reported for a single representative day. 
The 15th of December was selected as representing for most, estab- 
lishments normal conditions of employment, but where this date 
was not a representative day an earlier date was chosen. 

In the case of employees other than wage earners the number thus 
reported for the representative date has been treated as equivalent 
to the average for the year, since the number of employees of this 
class does not ordinarily vary much from month to month. In 
the case of wage earners the average has been obtained in the 
manner explained in the next paragraph. 

In addition to the more detailed report by sex and age of the 
number of wage earners on the representative date, a report was 
obtained of the number employed on the 15th of each month, 
without distinction of sex or age. Prom these figures the average 
number of wage earners for the year has been calculated by dividing 
the sum of the numbers reported for the several months by 12. 
The average thus obtained approximates the number of wage earn- 
ers that would be required to perform the work done if all were 
constantly employed during the entire year. Accordingly, the im- 
portance of the industry as an employer of labor is beheved to be 
more accurately measured by this average than by the number 
employed at any one time or on a given day. 

In order to determine as nearly as possible the sex and age dis- 
tribution of the average number of wage earners for the industry as 
a whole, the per cent distribution by sex and age of the wage earners 
reported for T>ecember 15, or the nearest representative day, has 
been calculated from the actual number reported for that date, the 
percentages thus obtained have been applied to the average number 
of wage earners for the year in the industry to determine the average 
number of men, women, and children employed. 

Salaries and wages. — Under these heads are given the total pay- 
ments during the year for salaries and wages, respectively. The 
Census Bureau has not undertaken to calculate the average annual 
earnings of either salaried employees or wage earners. Such aver- 
ages would possess little real value, because they would be based on 
the earnings of employees of both sexes, of all ages, and of widely 
varying degrees of skill. Furthermore, so far as wage earners are 
concerned, it would be impossible to calculate accurately even so 



(2) 



0»- 
OCT 



simple an average as this, since the number of wage earners fluctu- 
ates from month to month. The Census Bureau's figures for wage 
earners, as already explained, are averages based on the number 
employed on the 15th of each month and represent the approxi- 
mate number who would lie required to perform the work if all 
were continuously employed during the year, whereas the actual 
number to whom the total wages were paid would be larger. 

Prevailing hours of labor. — No attempt was made to ascertain the 
number of wage earners working a given number of hours per week. 
The inquiry called merely for the prevailing practice followed in 
each establishment. Occasional variations in hours in an estab- 
lishment from one part of the year to another were disregarded, and 
no attention was paid to the fact that a limited number of wage 
earners might have hours differing from those of the majority. All 
the wage earners of each establishment are therefore counted in 
the class within which the establishment itself falls. In most 
establishments, however, all or practically all the wage earners 
work the same number of hours, so that the figures give a substan- 
tially correct representation of the hours of labor. 

Capital. — The instructions on the schedule for securing data 
relating to capital were as follows: 

The answer should show the total amount of capital, both owned and borrowed, 
on the last day of the business year reported. Alltheitemsoffixedand live capital 
may be taken attheamountscarriedonthe books. If land or buildings are rented 
that fact should be stated and no value given. If a part of the land or buildings 
is owned, the remainder being rented, that fact should be so stated and only the 
value of the owned property given. Do not include securities and loans represent- 
ing investments in other enterprises. 

These instructions were identical with those employed at the 
census of 1909. The data compiled in respect to capital, however, 
at both censuses, as well as at all preceding censuses of manufactures, 
have been so defective as to be of little value except as indicating 
very general conditions. In fact, it has been repeatedly recom- 
mended by the census authorities that this inquiry be omitted from 
the schedule. While there are some establishments whose account- 
ing systems are such that an accurate return for capital could be 
made, this is not true of the great majority, and the figures therefore 
do not show the actual amount of capital invested. 

Materials. — The statistics as to cost of materials relate to the 
materials used during the year, which may be more or less than the 
materials purchased during the year. The term "materials" 
covers fuel, rent of power and heat, mill supplies, and containers, 
as well as materials which form a constituent part of the product. 
_ Bent and taxes. — The taxes include internal revenue, corpora- 
tion income tax, and state, county, and local taxes. In some 
instances the amount of the corporation tax for 1914 had not been 
ascertained when the report was prepared and the amount paid 
for 1913 was given. 

Value of products. — The amounts given under this heading repre- 
sent the selling value or price at the factory of all products manu- 
factured during the year, which may differ from the value of the 
products sold. 

Value added by manufacture. — The value of products is not a 
satisfactory measure of either the absolute or the relative importance 
of a given industry, because only a part of this value is actually 
created by the manufacturing processes carried on in the industry 
itself. Another part, and often by far the larger one, represents 
the value of the materials used. For many purposes, therefore, the 
best measure of the importance of an industry is the value created 
by the manufacturing operations carried on within the industry. 
This value is calculated by deducting the cost of the materials used 
from the value of the products. The figure thus obtained is termed 
in the census reports value added by manufacture." 

Cost of manufacture and profits. — The census data do not show 
the entire cost of manufacture, and consequently can not be used 
for the calculation of profits. No account has been taken of interest 
or depreciation, rent of offices and buildings other than factory or 
works, insurance, ordinary repairs, advertising, and other sundry 
expenses. 

Primary horsepower. — This item represents the total primary 
power generated by the manufacturing establishments plus the 
amount of power, principally electric, rented from other concerns. 
It does not cover the power of electric motors taking their current 
from dynamos driven by primary power machines operated by the 
same establishment, because the inclusion of such power would ob- 
viously result in duplication. The figures for primary horsepower 
represent the rated capacity of the engines, motors, etc., and not 
the amount of power m actual daily use, since in most cases an 
engine or motor is not required to deliver continuously its full rated 
horsepower. 

Fuel.-^-Statistics of the quantity of fuel used are shown only for 
anthracite and bituminous coal, coke, oil, and gas. They relate 
to the quantity used during the year, which may be more or less 
than the quantity purchased . As only the principal varieties of fuel 
are shown, no comparison can be made with the total cost of all fuel. 



Of D. 
.13 191? 



oO 

rO 

or 



NEEDLES, PINS, AND HOOKS AND EYES. 



By Frank Adams. 



SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS. 



Scope of the industry. — This report presents statistics 
for the manufacture of (1) needles, which include 
knitting-machine needles, sewing-machine needles, and 
darning, canvas, and bag needles; (2) pins, including 
co mm on or todet pins, safety pins and hairpins of 
metal; and (3) hooks and eyes. 

The manufacture of pins was first reported as an 
industry at the census of 1850, and that of needles 
and hooks and eyes at the census of 1860. It is 
probable, however, that these articles were manu- 
factured in the United States, to some extent, prior 
to the time statistics for them were given in the census 
reports. At the census of 1860 they were reported in 
four separate classes — pins, needles, sewing-machine 
needles, and hooks and eyes, but in 1869 they were 
consolidated into the two classes — needles and pins, 
and hooks and eyes. In 1904 these two classes were 
combined, and since that time the general statistics 



of capital, employees, etc., have been presented for 
needles, pins, and hooks and eyes as a single industry. 

In 1S69 there were 48 establishments reported as 
manufacturing needles, pins, and hooks and eyes. These 
establishments gave employment to 841 wage earners, 
and their products were valued at $1,225,436. While 
there has been but little change in the number of 
establishments reported at subsequent censuses, the 
industry has steaddy progressed. The number of 
wage earners reported for 1914 and the value of prod- 
ucts were more than six times as great as at the census 
of 1869, and the cost of materials more than seven 
times as great. 

Table 1 summarizes the statistics of establishments 
engaged in the manufacture of needles, pins, and hooks 
and eyes for each census from 1879 to 1914 and 
gives percentages of increase for the various items 
shown. 



Table 1 



Number of establishments 

Persons engaged 

Proprietors and firm members 

Salaried employees 

Wage earners (average number) 

Primary horsepower 

Capital 

Salaries and wages 

Salaries 

Wages 

Paid for contract work 

Rent and taxes (including internal revenue) . 

Cost of materials 

Value of products 

Value added by manufacture (value of products 
less cost of materials 



NUMBER OR AMOUNT. 



49 

5,750 

20 

391 

5,339 

4,813 

89,424,203 

3, 104, 749 

598, 138 

2,506,611 

40,571 

222,374 

3,241,657 

7,S90,879 

4,649,222 



49 

4,978 

27 

313 

4,638 

4,542 

$6,705,118 

2,457,728 

393,350 

2,064,378 

35, 779 

166,712 

2,328,674 

6,694,095 

4,365,421 



2, 

85,331, 

1,848, 

252, 

1,595, 

( 2 ) 

3 142, 

1,583, 

4,750, 



1899 



52 
(?) 
( 2 ) 
135 
2,653 
2,103 
$4,617,552 
1,214,571 
147, 207 
1,067,364 
( 2 ) 
( 2 ) 
1,227,997 
3,237,982 



3,166,945 2,009,985 1,333,412 



1889 



55 
( 2 ) 
( 2 ) 
96 
1,827 
1,183 
$2,269,707 
876,446 
120, 891 
755,555 
( 2 ) 
( 2 ) 

776,057 
2, 109, 469 



1S79 



45 

( 2 ) 

C-) 

( 2 ) 

1,305 
( 2 ) 
$1,564,738 
480,535 
( 2 ) 
( 2 ) 
( 2 ) 
( 2 ) 

805,999 
1, 748, 101 

942, 102 



PEE CENT OF TNCEEASE.l 



1909- 
1914 



15.5 



24.9 
15.1 
6.0 
40.6 
26.3 
52.1 
21.4 
13.4 
33.4 
39.2 
17.9 

6.5 



1904- 
1909 



18.6 



56.5 
17.0 
86.1 
25.8 
32.9 
55.6 
29.4 



16.8 
47.0 
40.9 



37. 8 57. 



1899- 
1904 



48.1 
49.5 
16.0 
15.5 
52.2 
71.7 
49.5 



29.0 
46.7 



1889- 
1899 



45.2 
77.8 
103.4 
38.6 
21.8 
41.3 



58.2 
53.5 



50.7 



1879- 
1889 



45.1 
82.4 



57.2 



-3.7 
20.7 



41.5 



1 A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. 2 Figures not available. 



8 Exclusive of internal revenue. 



From 1899 to 1914 the average number of wage 
earners increased 2,686, or 101.2 per cent, and the 
value of products, $4,652,897, or 143.7 per cent. 
From 1909 to 1914 the cost of materials increased 
39.2 per cent, whde the value added by manufacture 
increased only 6.5 per cent. In addition to the total 
value of products for 1914, as reported in Table 1, 
needles, pins, and hooks and eyes, to the value of 
$1,155,144, were produced as subsidiary products by 
establishments engaged primardy in the manufac- 
ture of other products, such as suspenders, garters, 



etc., stamped and enameled ware, sewing machines, 
and foundry and machine-shop products. 

Summary, by states. — Table 2 summarizes the more 
important statistics of the industry, by states, the 
states being arranged according to the value of prod- 
ucts reported for 1914. 

The industry is largely localized in Connecticut, 
which reported almost two-thirds (64.7 per cent) of 
the total value of products for the United States in 
1914. Pennsylvania ranked second in value of 
products and New Jersey third. 

(3) 



MANUFACTURES. 



Tabic 1 


CENSUS OF 1914. 


PER CENT C1F INCREASE.' 




Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


Wage earners. 


Value of products. 


Value added by manufacture. 


Wage earners 
(average num- 
ber). 


Value of prod- 
ucts. 


Value added 
by manufac- 
ture. 




Aver- 
age 

num- 
ber. 


Per- 
cent 
distri- 
bu- 
tion. 


Hank. 


Amount. 


Per 
bent 

distri- 
bu- 
tion. 


Rank. 


Amount. 


Per 
cent 
distri- 
bu- 
tion. 


Rank. 


1909- 
1914 


1904- 

1909 


1909- 
1914 


1904- 
1909 


1909- 
1914 


1904- 
1909 




1914 


1909 


1914 


1909 


1914 


1909 




49 


5,339 


100.0 






S7, S90, 879 


100. 






84,649,222 


100.0 






15.1 


17.0 


17.9 


40.9 


6.5 


37.8 




















12 
7 
1 

r. 
6 

14 


3,06S 
515 
535 
230 
366 
625 


57.5 
9.6 

10.0 
4.3 
6.9 

11.7 


1 
3 

2 

6 
5 


1 
2 

5 
6 
3 


5, 108, 558 
597, 066 
577, 119 
306,868 
259,854 

1,041,416 


64.7 
7.6 
7.3 
3. 9 
3 3 

13.2 


1 

3 
4 
5 
6 


1 
3 
6 
4 
5 


2, 769, 103 
395, 865 
387, 405 
204,592 
213,034 
679, 223 


59.6 
S.5 
S3 
4.4 
4.6 

14.6 


1 
3 

4 
6 
5 


1 
3 

r, 
5 
4 


15. 9 

— 7. 5 


13.8 


20.6 
-3.7 


38. 3 


9.1 
-9.3 


35.1 












72. 9 
-16.4 


-48. S 

24. 1 


:, 9 
-5.4 


3.9 
32.0 


4 2 
-10.1 


15. 5 


New Hampshire 


29.1 





























1 Percentages are based on figures in Table 14; a minus sign ( — ) denotes decrease. Percentages are omitted where base is less than ion for wage earners or less than 
S100.000 for value of products or value added by manufacture, or where comparable figures can nol be given. 



Persons engaged in the industry. — Table 3 shows, for 
1914 and 1909, the number of persons engaged in the 
industry, distributed by sex, the average number of 
wage earners being distributed also by age. The sex 
and age classification of the average number of wage 
earners in this and other tables is an estimate obtained 
by the method described in "Explanation of terms." 



Table 3 


Cen- 
sus 
year. 


PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE 
INDUSTRY. 


CLASS. 


Total. 


Male. 


Fe- 
male. 


Percent of 
total. 




Male. 


Fe- 
male. 




1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 
1914 
19U9 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 
1914 
1909 


5,750 
4,978 


2.928 
2,553 


2,822 
2,425 


50.9 
51.3 


49.1 




48.7 




135 

136 


133 

131 


2 

5 


98.5 
96.3 


1.5 




3.7 


Proprietors and firm members 

Salaried officers of corporations 

Superintendents and managers 

Clerks and other subordinate salaried 


20 
27 
55 
46 
60 
63 

276 
204 

5,339 
4,638 


19 
26 
54 
44 
60 
61 

154 
123 

2,641 
2,299 


1 
1 
1 

2 

2 

122 
SI 

2,698 
2,339 


95.0 
96.3 
9S. 2 
95.7 
100.0 
96.8 

55.8 
60.3 

49.5 
49.6 


5.0 
3.7 
1.8 
4.3 

3.2 
44.2 


Wage earners (average number) 


39.7 

50.5 
50.4 




5,086 

4,282 

253 

356 


2,562 

2,117 

79 

182 


2,524 

2, 165 

174 

174 


50.4 
49.4 
31.2 
51.1 


49.6 




50.6 
68.8 




48.9 



There were 5,750 persons reported as engaged in 
the industry during 1914, of whom 5,339, or 92.9 per 
cent, were wage earners. Clerks and other subordi- 
nate salaried employees, numbering 276, constituted 
4.8 per cent of the total, and proprietors and officials, 
135 in number, represented 2.3 per cent. Of the total 
number of persons employed, 50.9 per cent were males 
in 1914, and 51.3 per cent in 1909. Wage earners 
under 16 years of age decreased from 356 in 1909 
to 253 in 1914. More than two-thirds of this class 
in 1914 were females. 



Wage earners employed, by months. — The following 
table gives, for the industry, the total number of wage 
earners employed on the 15th of each month, or the 
nearest representative day, for 1914 and 1909, and the 
average number employed during each month in 1904, 
together with the percentage which the number 
reported for each month forms of the greatest number 
reported for any month. 



Tabic 1 



January 

February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August .... 
September. 

October 

November . 
December.. 



WAGE EARNERS IN THE INDUSTRY. 



Number. 1 



1914 1909 1904 



5,497 
5,474 
5,445 
5,421 
5,405 
5, 268 
5.31S 



4,370 
4,424 
4, 567 
4,662 
4,704 
4,604 
4,496 
4,652 
4,702 
4,759 
4,789 
4,921 



Per cent of maximum. 



1914 1909 1904 



100.0 
99.6 
99.1 
98.6 
98.3 
95.8 
96.7 
94.6 
96.2 
96.0 
95.7 
94.9 



88.8 
89.9 
92.8 
94.7 
95.6 
93.6 
91.4 
94.5 
95.5 
96.7 
97.3 
100.0 



97.5 
99.1 
99.8 



97.3 
97.3 
98.1 
100.0 
99.6 
99.4 



i The figures for 1914 and 1909 represent the number employed on the 1.5th of 
each month, or the nearest representative day; those for 1904, the average number 
employed during the month. 

The average monthly employment of wage earners 
in 1914 was 5,339; in 1909, 4,638; and in 1904, 3,965. 
In 1914 the maximum number for the year was 
employed in January and the minimum in August. 
In 1909, however, the industry was at its height in 
December, and January was the month of least 
activity. Of the three years, 1909 showed the maxi- 
mmn degree of variation within the year, the differ- 
ence between the months of greatest and least employ- 
ment being 55 1 . 

Table 5 gives the total average number of wage 
earners employed in the industry, together with the 
number employed on the 15th (or nearest representa- 
tive day) of each month during 1914 in each state for 
which figures can be shown separately. 



NEEDLES, PINS, AND HOOKS AND EYES. 



Table 5 


WAGE EARNERS: 1914. 

[Month of maximum employment for each state is indicated by boldface figures and that of minimum by italic figures.] 


STATE. 


Average 
number 

em- 
ployed 
during 
year. 






Number employee 


on loth day of the month oi 


nearest representative day. 






Per 
cent 




January. 


Feb- 
ruary. 


March. 


April. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


August. 


Septem- 
ber. 


October. 


Novem- 
ber. 


Decem- 
ber. 


mini- 
mum is 
of maxi- 
mum. 




5,339 


5,497 


5,474 


5,445 


5,421 


5,405 


5,268 


5,318 


S,199 


5,288 


5,279 


5,258 


5,216 


91.6 




3,068 
535 
366 
515 
230 


3,128 
568 
3S2 
SOS 
257 


3.0S7 
576 
388 
511 
260 


3,120 
548 
376 
513 
268 


3,087 
549 
372 
517 
256 


3,021 
543 
368 
524 
234 


2,974 
494 
344 
510 
216 


2,978 
489 
337 
517 
207 


2,98S 
491 
S36 
523 
225 


3,060 
559 
369 
518 
212 


3,091 
538 
368 
511 
219 


3,131 
543 
377 
514 
210 


3,151 
522 
375 
517 
196 


94.4 




84.9 




86.6 




96.4 




73.1 







Prevailing hours of labor. — In Table 6 the average 
number of wage earners reported for 1914 and 1909 
for the industry and for the leading states in 1914 
have been classified according to the number of hours 
of labor per week prevailing in the establishments in 
which they were employed. The number employed 
in each establishment was classified as a total, even 
though a few employees worked a greater or smaller 
number of hours. 



Table 6 


Cen- 
sus 
year. 


AVERAGE NUMBER OF "WAGE EARNERS. 


STATE. 


Total. 


In establishments where the prevail- 
ing hours of labor per week were — 




48 and 
under. 


Be- 
tween 
4Sand 

54. 


54. 


Be- 
tween 
54 and 

60. 


60. 


United States 


1914 
1909 

1914 
1914 
1914 
1914 
1914 


5,339 
4,638 


20 
24 


171 
35 


1,178 
423' 


3,206 
1,S15 


764 
2,341 




3,068 
535 
366 
515 
230 




127 


535 


2,1S9 


752 












366 
514 






1 










28 


202 











Three-fifths of the wage earners employed in the 
industy in 1914 were in establishments operating be- 
tween 54 and 60 hours per week. Of the 3,206 wage 
earners in this group, 68.3 per cent were reported from 
Connecticut and 16 per cent from New Jersey. All 
of the wage earners in Massachusetts, and most of 
those in New York and Pennsylvania, worked in 
establishments reporting 54 hours per week as the pre- 
vading period of employment. 

Character of ownership. — Table 7 presents statistics 
concerning the character of ownership, or legal organ- 
ization, of the establishments in the industry for 1914 
and 1909. 

The 39 establishments operated under corporate 
control in 1914 gave employment to 5,235, or 98.1 per 
cent, of the wage earners and produced 98.3 per cent 
of the total value of products for all establishments. 
Tn 1909 corporations employed 94.3 per cent of the 
wage earners and manufactured 95.7 per cent of the 
total products. 



Table 7 

CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. 


Cen- 
sus 
year. 


Num- 
ber 
of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


Average 
number 
of wage 
earners. 


Value of 
products. 


Value 
added by 
manufac- 
ture. 




1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 

1914 
1909 


49 
49 


5,339 
4,638 


$7, 890, 879 
6,694,095 


S4, 649, 222 




4,365,421 




4 

10 

39 
32 

6 
7 


23 
173 

5,235 
4,371 

81 
94 


24,019 
150, 151 

7,760,5S8 
6,404,783 

106, 272 
139, 161 


19, 279 




109,674 
4,550,623 


f 


4, 142, 104 
79,320 




113,643 


Per cent distribution: 


8.2 
20.4 

79.6 
65.3 

12. 2 

u!3 


0.4 
3.7 

98.1 
94.3 

1.5 

2.0 


0.3 
2.2 

98.3 
95.7 

1.3 
2.1 


0.4 




2.5 
97.9 




94.9 

1.7 




2.6 



Size of establishments. — The tendency of the industry 
to become concentrated in large establishments is 
indicated by the statistics given in Table 8. 



Table 8 

VALUE OF PRODUCT. 



All classes 

Less than 85,000 

85,000 to $20,000 

820,000 to $100,000 

8100,000 and over 

Per cent distribution: 
Less than $5,000.. 

S5,000 to 820,000. . 

820,000 to S100.000 

8100,000 and over. 



Cen- 
sus 
year. 



Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 



1914 
1909 



1914 
1909 



1914 
1909 



1914 
1909 



1914 

1909 



1914 

1909 



1914 
1909 



1914 
1909 



1914 

1909 



12.2 
20.4 



20.4 
28.5 



34.7 
2S.6 



32.7 
24.5 



Average 

number 

of 

wage 

earners. 



5,339 
4,638 



107 
123 



4,507 
3,755 



0.4 
0.7 



2.0 
2.7 



13.2 
15.7 



84.4 
S1.0 



Value of 
products. 



S7, 890, 879 
6,694,095 



17,082 
28,675 

125,690 
145,800 

790,821 
641,960 

6,957,286 
5,877,660 



0.2 
0.4 



1.6 
2.2 



10.0 
9.6 



88.2 
87.8 



Value 
added by 
manufac- 
ture. 



84,649,222 
4,365,421 



12,608 
23,086 

94,250 
106,188 

557,099 
529, 217 

3,985,265 
3,706,930 



0.3 
0.5 



2.0 
2.4 



12.0 
12.1 



85.7 
84.9 



In 1914, 67.3 per cent of the establishments re- 
ported products valued at less than $100,000, as com- 



6 



MANUFACTURES. 



pared with 75.5 per cent in 1909. The value of prod- 
ucts for these establishments was only 11.8 per cent 
of the total for the industry in 1914 and 12.2 per cent 
in 1909. 

The establishments that reported products valued 
at $100,000 or over gave employment to 84.4 per cent 



of the wage earners and reported 88.2 per cent of the 
value of products. 

Table 9 shows the size of establishments in 1914 and 
1909, as measured by the number of wage earners em- 
ployed for the industry as a whole, and the leading 
states in 1914. 



Table 9 


Census 
year. 






ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING — 


STATE. 


TOTAL. 


No 
wage 
earn- 
ers. 


1 to 5 wage 
earners. 


6 to 20 wage 
earners. 


21 to 50 wage 
earners. 


51 to 100 wage 
earners. 


101 to 250 wage 
earners. 


251 to 500 wage 
earners. 


501 to 1,000 
wage earners. 




Estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


Wage 

earners 

(average 

number). 


a . 

la 


■3 ■ 

la 


Wage 
earners. 


So 
II 


Wage 
earners. 


3H 


Wage 
earners. 


2 c 

II 
H 


Wage 
earners. 


x: . 

v> C 


Wage 
earners. 


■a . 

3H 

11 
w . 


Wage 
earners. 


3 c 

11 

w 


Wage 
earners. 


United States 


1914 
1909 

1914 
1914 
1914 
1914 
1914 


49 
49 


5,339 
4,638 


1 


8 
16 


22 

41 


12 
9 


158 
123 


9 
6 


297 
222 


7 
5 


500 
328 


7 
6 


1,054 
882 


3 
3 


977 
907 


3 
3 


2,331 
2,135 




12 
4 
6 
7 
6 


3,068 
535 
366 
515 
230 




1 


4 


3 


31 


1 
1 
3 
2 
1 


33 

4.5 
110 
50 
28 


1 
1 
2 

i 
l 


94 
86 

1114 
100 
57 


2 
I 
1 
2 
1 


285 
147 
152 
350 
120 


1 

1 


'.".in 
257 


3 


2,331 


























1 
1 


1 

2 


1 
2 


14 
23 































A majority of the establishments in the industry 
are comparatively small. In 1914, 29 of the 49 estab- 
lishments reported less than 51 wage earners, the 
number employed being 8.9 per cent of the total, 
while 6 of the larger establishments, which employed 
from 251 to 1,000 wage earners, reported 62 per cent 
of the total. 



Engines and power. — Table 10 shows, for 1914, 1909, 
and 1904, for the. industry, the number and horse- 
power of engines or motors employed in generating 
power (including electric motors operated by pur- 
chased current). It also shows separately the number 
and horsepower of electric motors operated by current 
generated in the establishments reporting. 



Table lO 


NUMBER OF ENGINES OR 
MOTORS. 


HORSEPOWER. 


POWER. 


Amount. 


Per cent distribution. 




1914 


1909 


1904 


1914 


1909 


1904 


1914 


1909 


1904 




298 


179 


57 


4,813 


4,542 


2,440 


100.0 


100.0 


100.0 




37 

26 

1 

10 

261 
261 


40 

27 

4 

9 

139 
139 


42 

28 

4 

10 

15 
15 


3,984 

3,359 

5 

620 

829 
799 
30 


:.iH 

3,102 

112 

430 

898 
860 
38 


2, 170 
1,816 

14 

340 

270 
129 
141 


82.8 

69.8 

0.1 

12.9 

17.2 
16.6 
0.6 


80.2 
68.3 
2.5 
9.4 

19.8 
18.9 
0.8 


vi 9 




74.4 




0.6 




13.9 




11.1 




5.3 




5.8 




393 
261 
132 


197 
139 

5S 


32 
If 


2,447 

799 

1,648 


1 , 667 

860 
807 


529 
129 
400 


100.0 
32.7 
67.3 


100.0 
51.6 

48.4 


100.0 




24.4 




75.6 







Tho total primary power used in the industry 
increased from 2,440 horsepower in 1904 to 4,813 in 
1914, or 97.3 per cent during the decade. At each 
census power generated by steam constituted more 
than two-thirds of the total primary power. Electric 
horsepower increased from 529 in 1904 to 2,447 in 
1914, or 362.6 per cent. 

Fuel. — Table 1 1 shows, for 1914, the quantity of each 
kind of fuel used, for which data were obtained, for the 
industry as a whole and for five separate states. 

Bituminous coal was the principal class of fuel used 
in 1914. Of the 14,978 tons consumed, 12,529 tons, 
or 83.6 per cent, were used in Connecticut. The largest 



quantity of anthracite coal, 2,090 tons, or 45.1 per 
cent, was used in New Jersey. 



Table 1 1 


COAL. 


Coke 
(tons 
2,000 
lbs.). 


Oil, in- 
cluding 
gasoline 
(barrels) 




STATE. 


Anthra- 
cite 
(tons, 
2,240 
lbs.). 


Bitumi- 
nous 
(tons, 
2,000 
lbs.). 


Gas 
(1,000 
cubic 

leet). 




4,630 


14,978 


46 


1,139 


7,627 








1,538 

806 

85 

2,090 
49 
62 


12,529 

1,029 

132 


46 


1,027 


6,174 




547 






95 
1 
6 

10 


200 




112 




760 
528 




00 











NEEDLES, PINS, AND HOOKS AND EYES. 



SPECIAL STATISTICS RELATING TO QUANTITY AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 



Table 12 gives detail statistics for the quantities 
and values of the different varieties of products re- 
ported for the industry at the censuses of 1914, 1904, 
and 1899. Statistics of this character were not called 
for at the census of 1909. 



Table 13 


1914 


1904 


1899 




57,890,879 


54,750,589 


53,237,982 






Needles: 


168, 734 
SI, 278, 444 

46,165 
S492,387 

47,934 
S129, 397 

74,635 
S656.660 

51,248,757 

641,121 
5163,907 
1,825,673 
5182,585 

1, 186, 397 
S375, 780 

1,638,035 
5526,485 

9,242,012 
5528,362 

4,744,303 
5936,663 

1,076,177 
$1,394,745 

654,714 
S761,476 

421,463 

S633, 269 

S2, 503, 908 


204.505 
81,140,924 

44,762 
5422,655 

47,921 
S118,223 

111,822 
5600,046 

3132,632,232 
$1,129,006 

1,704,900 
5109, 245 

2,550,650 
$829,386 

(«) 
SI, 542, 028 


161,357 
51,027,949 

39,764 


Total value 


Knitting-machine — 
Latch- 




5414, 504 


Spring — 


44,246 


Value 


5114,060 
77,346 


All other needles, including sewing- 
machine — 


Value 


5498, 785 


Pins: 

Common or toilet- 


3 47,338,429 




Made of steel wire — 








Packs of 3,360 






5465,605 


Made of brass wire — 






Packs of 3,600 








Hairpins, made of metal — 


1, 189, 104 
578, 155 

1,640,2,84 
$354,294 




Safety pins- 




Hooks and eyes- 






Made of steel wire — 






(*) 


Made of brass wire — 










51,311,979 





1 In addition, needles, pins, and hooks and eyes, to the value of SI, 155, 144 in 1914, 
$942,506 in 1904, and 5536,742 in 1899, were produced as subsidiary products by estab- 
lishments engaged primarilv in the manufacture of other products. 

2 Reported in pounds and packs of 3,360 and 3,600 in 1914. 

3 Reported in gross in 1904 and 1899. 

* Included in "all other products " in 1904 and 1S99. 

The production of needles in the United States, 
which consists almost entirely of kiiittiug-inachine and 
sewing-machine needles, amounted to 168,734 thou- 
sands in 1914 and was valued at $1,278,444. Of this 



amount, 94,099 thousands, or 55.8 per cent, were knit- 
ting-machine needles, valued at $621,784. The num- 
ber of needles manufactured in 1914 shows an increase 
of 7,377 thousands, or 4.6 per cent, over the production 
in 1899. This increase was confined to knittine-ma- 
chine needles. 

The output of all varieties of pins in 1914 was valued 
at $2,713,782, of which common or toilet pins formed 
46 per cent; metal hairpins, 19.5 per cent; and safety 
pins, 34.5 per cent. 

Common or toilet pins were reported in pounds and 
packs at the census of 1914, but by the gross in 1904 
and 1899; therefore no comparison can be made to 
show the increased quantity, but the value increased 
168.2 per cent during the period from 1899 to 1914. 

The quantity of metal hairpins reported for 1914 was 
nearly eight times that for 1899 and over five times 
the production of 1904. Safety pins increased 189.2 
per cent from 1899 to 1914 in quantity and 164.4 per 
cent in value. 

Of the 49 establishments reported in 1914, 16 manu- 
factured knitting-machine needles; 3, sewing-machine 
needles; 10, common or toilet pins; 7, metal hairpins; 
9, safety pins; 14, hooks and eyes; and 8, snap fasteners 
and clasps. 

Connecticut reported $5,108,556, or 64.7 per cent, of 
the total value of needles, pins, and hooks and eyes 
manufactured in 1914; $990,169, or 79.3 per cent, of 
the common or toilet pins; $321,605, or 60.9 per cent, 
of the hairpins; and $717,412, or 51.4 per cent, of the 
hooks and eyes. The 6 establishments in New Hamp- 
shire practically confine their operations to the pro- 
duction of knittmg-machine needles, reporting this 
product in 1914, to the value of $238,841, or 38.4 per 
cent of the United States total. Connecticut was the 
leading state in the production of knitting-machine 
needles, though the actual figures can not be presented 
without disclosing the operations of individual estab- 
lishments. Connecticut was also the leading state in 
the production of safety pins. 



MANUFACTURES. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



II 

018 537 463 4 



DETAIL STATE TABLES. 



Table 13 shows, for 1914, 1909, and 1904, by states, 
the number of establishments, average number of wage 
earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of materials, 



and value of products reported for the industry. Table 
14 presents, for 1914, by states, the more detailed 
statistics of the industry. 



Table 13.— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR 1914, 1909, AND 1904. 



United States. 



Connecticut. 



New Hampshire. 



Cen- 
sus 
year. 



1914 
1909 
1904 

1914 
1909 
1904 

1914 
1909 
1904 



Num- 
ber of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 



Wage 
earners 
(average 
num- 
ber). 



5,339 
4,638 
3,965 



3,068 

2,64S 
2,326 

366 
43S 
353 



Primary 
horse- 
power. 



4,813 
4,542 
2,440 



3,235 
3,190 
1,654 

247 
217 
249 



Wages. 



Cost of 
mate- 
rials. 



Value 
of prod- 
ucts. 



Expressed in thousands. 



52, 507 
2,064 
1,596 



1,548 
1,311 
1,055 

159 
171 
127 



S3, 242 
2,329 
1,584 


2,339 
1,697 
1,182 

47 
38 
25 



87,891 
6,694 
4,751 



5,109 
4,236 
3,062 



260 
275 
208 



New Jersey. 
New York . . 



All other states. 





Num- 


Wage 




Cen- 


ber of 


earners 


Primary 


sus 


estab- 


(average 


horse- 


year. 


lish- 


num- 


power. 




ments. 


ber). 




1914 


7 


515 


329 


1909 


7 


557 


524 


1914 


6 


230 


187 


1909 


9 


133 


157 


1904 


S 


260 


89 


1914 


18 


1,160 


815 


1909 


18 


862 


454 


1904 


19 


1,026 


448 



Wages. 



Cost of 
mate- 
rials. 



Value 
of prod- 
ucts. 



Expressed in thousands. 



215 


201 


230 


184 


92 


102 


50 


■93 


82 


109 


493 


553 


302 


317 


332 


268 



597 
620 

307 
290 
279 

1,618 
1,273 
1,202 



Table 14.— DETAIL STATISTICS, BY STATES: 1914. 





6 

ss 

1 
« 

m 

.a 


PERSONS ENGAGED IX THE INDUSTRY. 


WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15. OR NEAR- 
EST REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 


Capital. 


EXPENSES. 




Total. 


§ 

EC 

i! 

*c 

o 

- 


Sala- 
ried 
offi- 
cers, 
super- 
in- 
tend- 
ents, 
and 
man- 
agers. 


Clerks, etc. 


Wage earners. 


Total. 


, 16 and over. 


Under 16. 


Salaries and wages. 


STATE. 


Male. 


Fe- 
male. 


Aver- 
age 

num- 
ber. 


Number, 15th day of— 


Male. 


Fe- 
male. 


Male 


Fe- 
male 


Officials. 






Maximum 
month. 


Minimum 
month. 


Clerks, 
etc. 




49 


5,750 


20 


115 


154 


122 


5,339 


Ja 5.497 


Au 5.199 


5,408 


2,595 


2,557 


80 


176 


59,424,203 


8308,408 


8289, 730 










12 
4 
6 
7 
6 

14 


3,286 
591 
377 
546 
249 
701 


7 
3 

1 

6 


44 
17 

7 
14 
10 
23 


96 

22 
1 
8 
4 

23 


71 
14 
3 
8 
2 
24 


j 3,06S 
535 
366 
515 
230 
625 


De 3,151 
Fe 576 
Fe 3SS 
My 524 
Mh 268 


Je 2,974 
Jy 489 
Au 336 
Ja 505 
De 196 


3,146 
558 
375 

517 
196 
616 


1,694 
268 
183 
222 

151 


1,286 
286 
191 
261 
113 
420 


54 
3 

20 
3 


112 

1 

1 

14 

3 

45 


4,984,274 

1,175,920 

214,380 

654,452 

395,473 

1,999,704 


131,777 
47,416 
10,480 
32,900 
22, 770 
63,065 


179,471 


New Hampshire 


31,630 

2,501 
11,076 


New York 


5,631 
59, 421 













expenses — continued. 


Value of 
products. 


Value added 
by manufac- 
ture. 


POWER. 




Salaries and 

wages — 
continued. 


For 

contract 

work. 


Rent and taxes. 


For materials. 


Primary horsepower. -. 


Electric 
horse- 


STATE. 


Wage 
earners. 


Rent of 

factory. 


Taxes, 
includ- 
ing inter- 
nal reve- 
nue and 
corpora- 
tion in- 
come. 


Principal 
materials. 


Fuel and 
rent of 
power. 


Total. 


Steam 

en- 
gines. 2 


Inter- 
nal- 
com- 
bus- 
tion 
en- 
gines. 3 


Water 
wheels 
and 
mo- 
tors. 2 


Elec- 
tric 
(rent- 
ed). 


gener- 
ated in 
estab- 
lish- 
ments 
report- 
ing. 






840,571 


S161.1S6 


861.188 


8,3,132,980 


S10S, 677 


?7,S90,S79 


84,649,222 


4,813 


3,359 


35 


620 


799 


1,648 












1,547,548 
267, 800 
159, 457 


20, 442 


111,852 
5,663 
1,800 
1,068 
4, 143 
36,660 


3S,0S9 
11,844 
2,066 
3,265 
1,735 
4.1S9 


2,275,171 
175,917 
43,165 
193, 790 

98,987 
345; 950 


64,2S2 
13,797 
3,655 
7,411 
3,2S9 
16, 243 


5.10S, 556 
577, 119 
259, S54 
597, 066 
306, 86S 

1.041,416 


2,769,103 
387,405 
213,034 
395,865 
204,592 
079, 223 


3,235 
390 
247 
329 

187 
425 


2,615 

190 

50 

304 

150 

50 




510 


110 

200 
72 
20 
37 

360 


1.450 








403 


15 
5 


110 


40 




215, 421 1 00 


12S 




91 . 826 
224,559 


16,97S 
2,64S 


30 




15 

















1 All other states embrace: California, 1 establtshrnentflllinois, 1; Michigan, 2; Ohio, 1; Oregon, 1; Pennsylvania, 7; and Rhode Island, 1. 

2 Owned power only. 

3 Includes rented power, other than electric. 



O 



